Question 1

Atherosclerosis is described as:

Accepted Answer

A)   Hardening of the arteries that occurs over a period of many years due in part to the abnormal accumulation of lipids.
B)   Syndromes that encompass a continuum of clinical presentations ranging from unstable angina to non-Q-wave AMI.
C)   A degenerative condition of the muscles.
D)   An acute-phase reactant whose concentration in the blood rises dramatically in response to nonspecific inflammatory stimuli.E) B) and D)
F) A) and D)

Question 2

Elevated blood levels of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A)  may suggest which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)   A presumptive diagnosis of heart failure in breathless patients.
B)   A low risk factor for developing an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) .
C)   An S-T segment myocardial infarction (STEMI) .
D)   The presence of an unstable ACS in patients without increased concentration of biomarkers of necrosis, such as cTn.E) B) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 3

What is the clinical usefulness of measuring serum adiponectin?

Accepted Answer

A)   Plasma adiponectin levels may predict cardiovascular events years in advance in a population without diagnosed cardiovascular disease.
B)   It is an early biomarker for AMI.
C)   It is a cardiac biomarker for late presenting AMIs.
D)   There are two forms of this protein, pregnancy, and acute coronary syndrome; thus, adiponectin can be used for either condition.E) B) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 4

Which of the following cardiac biomarkers is a better biomarker of plaque instability?

Accepted Answer

A)   MPO
B)   CRP
C)   Lp-PLA2
D)   LeptinE) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

Question 5

Infusion of Nesiritide is documented to act as a confounder for which of the following assays?

Accepted Answer

A)   Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) 
B)   Atria natriuretic peptide (ANP) 
C)   Cardiac troponin T
D)   MyoglobinE) B) and C)
F) A) and C)

Question 6

The atherogenic effect of homocysteine is:

Accepted Answer

A)   The toxic effect on the left ventricular wall of the heart.
B)   The toxic effect of homocysteine on the adventitia or outer lining the arterial wall.
C)   The toxic effect of homocysteine on the endothelial lining of the arteries, which causes plaque formation.
D)   The nontoxic effect of homocysteine on the intima lining of the arteries.E) A) and C)
F) All of the above C

Question 7

The role of cardiac biomarkers includes which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)   Establish odds ratio, diagnosis, and treatment modalities
B)   Tumor identifications, prognosis, appropriate drug therapy intervention
C)   Diagnosis, monitoring, risks stratification, and therapeutic management
D)   Determining life expectancy, staging diseases, population studiesE) A) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 8

The albumin cobalt-binding test is used to measure which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)   Microalbumin
B)   Ischemia modified albumin
C)   Albumin/globulin ration
D)   Serum cobaltE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 9

Myoglobin is a good cardiac marker because it:

Accepted Answer

A)   Diffuses into the blood more quickly than CK-MB.
B)   Diffuses into the blood more slowly than CK-MB.
C)   Doesn't diffuse into the blood at all when cardiac tissue dies.
D)   Is an extremely large protein and therefore does not diffuse into the blood very easily.E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Question 10

The presence of heterophile antibodies, rheumatoid factor, increased blood levels of hemoglobin and circulating cTnI autoantibodies can result in which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)   High dose hook effect with select cTn assays
B)   Modification of diagnostic cut off value for cTn assays
C)   False positive and/or false negative result for BNP or NT-Pro BNP assays
D)   False positive and/or false negative result for cTnI assaysE) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Question 11

High blood levels of adiponectin are associated with:

Accepted Answer

A)   Reduced risk of heart attacks.
B)   Increased risk of heart attacks.
C)   Increased risk of plaque rupture.
D)   Stabilizing endothelial cell structure.E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 12

In which of the following disorders is measurement of brain type natriuretic peptide (BNP)  clinically useful?

Accepted Answer

A)   Acute myocardial infarctions (AMIs) 
B)   Tachycardia
C)   Congestive heart failure
D)   PericarditisE) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 13

Which of the following is an advantage of POCT for cardiac biomarkers?

Accepted Answer

A)   Increased turn-around time for analysis
B)   Delay in rule-out of an AMI
C)   Rapid identification of AMI
D)   Delay in risk stratification of an AMIE) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 14

NT-pro-BNP consist of 76 amino acids and is described as a:

Accepted Answer

A)   A metabolite of BNP.
B)   The storage form of BNP.
C)   The catabolic product of ANP.
D)   The natriuretic peptide that is the inactive form.E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 15

Which of the following is a cause of hyperhomocysteinemia?

Accepted Answer

A)   Deficiency of one of the B complex vitamins
B)   Excess of one the B complex vitamins
C)   Deficiency of calcium
D)   Deficiency of sodiumE) B) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 16

Which of the following represents the correct sequence for the rise and fall of myoglobin, CK-MB, and cTnI after an AMI?

Accepted Answer

A)   CK-MB, cTnI, myoglobin
B)   cTnI, CK-MB, myoglobin
C)   Myoglobin, CK-MB, cTnI
D)   CK-MB, myoglobin, cTnIE) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 17

Which of the following statements is TRUE about cTnI?

Accepted Answer

A)   Cardiac forms are never expressed in skeletal muscle.
B)   Cardiac forms are expressed in skeletal muscle.
C)   In fetal development, the cardiac and skeletal forms are co-expressed in skeletal and cardiac tissues.
D)   It is the same as cardiac troponin C (cTn
C)  .E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 18

Lp (a)  is considered a risk factor for developing atherosclerosis due to which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)   It competes with fibrinogen for binding sites, thus interfering with clot lysis and increasing the risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) .
B)   It is produced by macrophages and expressed in atherosclerotic lesions.
C)   It activates complement.
D)   It competes with plasminogen for binding sites, thus interfering with clot lysis and increasing the risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) .E) None of the above
F) All of the above D

Question 19

Which of the following is an early (i.e., rapidly in similar fashion to myoglobin)  biomarkers of acute myocardial infarction?

Accepted Answer

A)   Unbound free fatty acid (FFAu) 
B)   Placental growth factor (PIGF) 
C)   Heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) 
D)   CK-MBE) None of the above
F) A) and B) C

Question 20

Risk factors for the development of coronary heart disease include which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)   Tobacco smoking, elevated serum homocysteine, low serum LDL, and high serum levels of CRP
B)   Tobacco smoking, low serum homocysteine, low serum LDL, and high serum levels of CRP
C)   Hypertension, abdominal obesity, low HDL-C, high serum levels of CRP, and elevated levels of homocysteine
D)   Walking at least one hour per day, low serum homocysteine, low serum CRP, and low serum levels of LDL-CE) None of the above
F) C) and D)

Exam 18: Cardiac Function

Atherosclerosis is described as:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Elevated blood levels of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) may suggest which of the following?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What is the clinical usefulness of measuring serum adiponectin?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following cardiac biomarkers is a better biomarker of plaque instability?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Infusion of Nesiritide is documented to act as a confounder for which of the following assays?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The atherogenic effect of homocysteine is:

Correct AnswerverifiedC

The role of cardiac biomarkers includes which of the following?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The albumin cobalt-binding test is used to measure which of the following?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Myoglobin is a good cardiac marker because it:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The presence of heterophile antibodies, rheumatoid factor, increased blood levels of hemoglobin and circulating cTnI autoantibodies can result in which of the following?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

High blood levels of adiponectin are associated with:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In which of the following disorders is measurement of brain type natriuretic peptide (BNP) clinically useful?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is an advantage of POCT for cardiac biomarkers?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

NT-pro-BNP consist of 76 amino acids and is described as a:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is a cause of hyperhomocysteinemia?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following represents the correct sequence for the rise and fall of myoglobin, CK-MB, and cTnI after an AMI?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following statements is TRUE about cTnI?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Lp (a) is considered a risk factor for developing atherosclerosis due to which of the following?

Correct AnswerverifiedD

Which of the following is an early (i.e., rapidly in similar fashion to myoglobin) biomarkers of acute myocardial infarction?

Correct AnswerverifiedC

Risk factors for the development of coronary heart disease include which of the following?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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C

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D

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C

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